Hadron Production and Phase Changes in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Abstract

We study soft hadron production in relativistic heavy ion collisions in a wide range of reaction energy, 4.8 GeV <sqrt{s_ NN}<200 GeV, and make predictions about yields of particles using the statistical hadronization model. In fits to experimental data, we obtain both statistical parameters as well as physical properties of the hadron source. We identify the properties of the fireball at the critical energy threshold, 6.26 GeV < sqrt{s_NN}^cr} <7.61 GeV, delineating for higher energies hadronization of an entropy rich phase. In terms of the chemical composition, one sees a phase which at low energy is chemically under-saturated, and which turns into a chemically over-saturated state persisting up to the maximum accessible energy. Assuming that there is no change in physical mechanisms in the energy range 15>sqrt{s_NN} \ge 200 GeV, we use continuity of particle yields and statistical parameters to predict the hadron production at sqrt{s_NN}=62.4 GeV, and obtain total yields of hadrons at sqrt{s_NN}=130 GeV. We consider, in depth, the pattern we uncover within the hadronization condition, and discuss possible mechanisms associated with the identified rapid change in system properties at sqrt{s_NN ^cr}. We propose that the chemically over-saturated 2+1 flavor hadron matter system undergoes a 1st order phase transition.

23 pages; a) we correct an entropy yield error which the early SHARE release contained; this changes tables and figures comprising physical properties involving entropy, the data fits are unaffected. b) we incorporated the latest strange hadron yields of NA49 and c) this version is in press in EPJA