Formation of Black Holes from Collapsed Cosmic String Loops

Abstract

The fraction of cosmic string loops which collapse to form black holes is estimated using a set of realistic loops generated by loop fragmentation. The smallest radius sphere into which each cosmic string loop may fit is obtained by monitoring the loop through one period of oscillation. For a loop with invariant length $L$ which contracts to within a sphere of radius $R$, the minimum mass-per-unit length $μ_{\rm min}$ necessary for the cosmic string loop to form a black hole according to the hoop conjecture is $μ_{\rm min} = R /(2 G L)$. Analyzing $25,576$ loops, we obtain the empirical estimate $f_{\rm BH} = 10^{4.9\pm 0.2} (Gμ)^{4.1 \pm 0.1}$ for the fraction of cosmic string loops which collapse to form black holes as a function of the mass-per-unit length $μ$ in the range $10^{-3} \lesssim Gμ\lesssim 3 \times 10^{-2}$. We use this power law to extrapolate to $Gμ\sim 10^{-6}$, obtaining the fraction $f_{\rm BH}$ of physically interesting cosmic string loops which collapse to form black holes within one oscillation period of formation. Comparing this fraction with the observational bounds on a population of evaporating black holes, we obtain the limit $Gμ\le 3.1 (\pm 0.7) \times 10^{-6}$ on the cosmic string mass-per-unit-length. This limit is consistent with all other observational bounds.

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