Photon spheres in Einstein and Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theories and circular null geodesics in axially-symmetric spacetimes

Abstract

In this article we extend a recent theorem proven by Hod (Phys. Lett. B, {\bf 727}, 345--348, 2013) to $n$-dimensional Einstein and Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theories, which gives an upper bound for the photon sphere radii of spherically symmetric black holes. As applications of these results we give a universal upper bound for the real part of quasinormal modes in the WKB limit and a universal lower bound for the position of the first relativistic image in the strong lensing regime produced by these type of black holes. For the axially-symmetric case, we also make some general comments (independent of the underlying gravitational theory) on the relation between circular null geodesics and the fastest way to circle a black hole.

In this post-publisher version two typos were corrected: the signature of the metric in eq.(1) and a factor in eq.(102). We thanks Gary Gibbons and Chris Pope for bringing to our attention these typos