Factorization for Hardy spaces and characterization for BMO spaces via commutators in the Bessel setting

Abstract

Fix $λ>0$. Consider the Hardy space $H^1(\mathbb{R}_+,dm_λ)$ in the sense of Coifman and Weiss, where $\mathbb{R_+}:=(0,\infty)$ and $dm_λ:=x^{2λ}dx$ with $dx$ the Lebesgue measure. Also consider the Bessel operators $Δ_λ:=-\frac{d^2}{dx^2}-\frac{2λ}{x} \frac d{dx}$, and $S_λ:=-\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{λ^2-λ}{x^2}$ on $\mathbb{R_+}$. The Hardy spaces $H^1_{Δ_λ}$ and $H^1_{S_λ}$ associated with $Δ_λ$ and $S_λ$ are defined via the Riesz transforms $R_{Δ_λ}:=\partial_x (Δ_λ)^{-1/2}$ and $R_{S_λ}:= x^λ\partial_x x^{-λ} (S_λ)^{-1/2}$, respectively. It is known that $H^1_{Δ_λ}$ and $H^1(\mathbb{R}_+,dm_λ)$ coincide but they are different from $H^1_{S_λ}$. In this article, we prove the following: (a) a weak factorization of $H^1(\mathbb{R}_+,dm_λ)$ by using a bilinear form of the Riesz transform $R_{Δ_λ}$, which implies the characterization of the BMO space associated to $Δ_λ$ via the commutators related to $R_{Δ_λ}$; (b) the BMO space associated to $S_λ$ can not be characterized by commutators related to $R_{S_λ}$, which implies that $H^1_{S_λ}$ does not have a weak factorization via a bilinear form of the Riesz transform $R_{S_λ}$.

v2: 21 pages