Bikei Invariants and Gauss Diagrams for Virtual Knotted Surfaces

Abstract

Marked vertex diagrams provide a combinatorial way to represent knotted surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^4$; including virtual crossings allows for a theory of virtual knotted surfaces and virtual cobordisms. Biquandle counting invariants are defined only for marked vertex diagrams representing knotted orientable surfaces; we extend these invariants to all virtual marked vertex diagrams by considering colorings by involutory biquandles, also known as bikei. We introduce a way of representing marked vertex diagrams with Gauss diagrams and use these to characterize orientability.

11 pages; version 2 is a significant rewrite changing the focus to bikei colorings and introducing Gauss diagrams