Dual lattice simulation of the U(1) gauge-Higgs model at finite density - an exploratory proof-of-concept study

Abstract

The U(1) gauge-Higgs model with two flavors of opposite charge and a chemical potential is mapped exactly to a dual representation where matter fields correspond to loops of flux and the gauge fields are represented by surfaces. The complex action problem of the conventional formulation at finite chemical potential mu is overcome in the dual representation and the partition sum has only real and non-zero contributions. We simulate the model in the dual representation using a generalized worm algorithm, explore the phase diagram and study condensation phenomena at finite mu.

Several small changes in the text. References added. Version to appear in Phys. Rev. Letters