High Multiplicity pp and pA Collisions: Hydrodynamics at its Edge

Abstract

With growing multiplicity, the pp and pA collisions enter the domain where the macroscopic description (thermodynamics and hydrodynamics) becomes applicable. We discuss this situation, first with simplified thought experiments, then with some idealized representative cases, and finally address the real data. For clarity, we don't do it numerically but analytically, using the Gubser solution. We found that the radial flow is expected to increase from central AA to central pA, while the elliptic flow decreases, with higher harmonics being comparable. In the second part of the paper we approach the problem from the opposite side, using a string-based Pomeron model. We extensively study the magnitude and distribution of the viscous corrections, in Navier-Stokes and Israel-Stuart approximations, ending with higher gradient re-summation proposed by Lublinsky and Shuryak. We found those corrections growing, from AA to pA to pp, but remaining at the manageable size even in the last case.

Unlike previous, this versions included only macroscopic (hydrodynamical) part, and microscopic one, while the Pomeron discussion will appear separately. One important new element are CMS and ALICE data on high multiplicity pA with identified secondaries: as we discuss now, those confirm our prediction of enhanced radial flow