Markov type and threshold embeddings

Abstract

For two metric spaces X and Y, say that X {threshold-embeds} into Y if there exist a number K > 0 and a family of Lipschitz maps $f_τ : X \to Y : τ> 0 \}$ such that for every $x,y \in X$, \[ d_X(x,y) \geq τ=> d_Y(f_τ(x),f_τ(y)) \geq \|φ_τ\|_{\Lip} τ/K \] where $\|f_τ\|_{\Lip}$ denotes the Lipschitz constant of $f_τ$. We show that if a metric space X threshold-embeds into a Hilbert space, then X has Markov type 2. As a consequence, planar graph metrics and doubling metrics have Markov type 2, answering questions of Naor, Peres, Schramm, and Sheffield. More generally, if a metric space X threshold-embeds into a p-uniformly smooth Banach space, then X has Markov type p. This suggests some non-linear analogs of Kwapien's theorem. For instance, a subset $X \subseteq L_1$ threshold-embeds into Hilbert space if and only if X has Markov type 2.