Fractionalization in a square-lattice model with time-reversal symmetry

Abstract

We propose a two-dimensional time-reversal invariant system of essentially non-interacting electrons on a square lattice that exhibits configurations with fractional charges e/2. These are vortex-like topological defects in the dimerization order parameter describing spatial modulation in the electron hopping amplitudes. Charge fractionalization is established by a simple counting argument, analytical calculation within the effective low-energy theory, and by an exact numerical diagonalization of the lattice Hamiltonian. We comment on the exchange statistics of fractional charges and possible realizations of the system.

4 pages, 3 figures, RevTex 4. (v2) improved discussion of lattice effects and confinement; clearer figures